This article examines the development of the torchlight procession tradition, which has played a significant role in the history of the University of Tartu. The study seeks to answer the questions of when the custom of torchlight processions emerged in Tartu, how it has evolved over time, and what it reveals about the identity of the University of Tartu in the 21st century. Torchlight processions are analysed as visually striking events that serve to uphold traditions while also emphasising the significance of the university and its student body in society. The findings indicate that processions with torches have been held on various anniversaries and occasions since the early 19th century, incorporating both ceremonial and political elements.
In the 19th century, torches were primarily associated with honorary processions dedicated to specific individuals, such as the rector or professors. In rare instances, namely during major university jubilees, this honour was also extended to the Imperial University of Tartu. The 1920s and 1930s were characterised by the fetishisation of the torchlight procession, as nearly every major public event was staged in this format. However, in the case of the university anniversary, torchlight processions were organised only for significant milestone celebrations and changes in rectorship.
During the Soviet period, student torchlight processions were not regularly held. Available sources indicate that the tradition was revived in the mid-1960s with the establishment of new festivities, namely the joint student days of Tartu State University and the Estonian Agricultural Academy. Although participants were urged to maintain decorum and solemnity, Soviet-era torchlight processions were marked by a certain carnival-like atmosphere. In 1982, on the occasion of the university’s 350th anniversary, the tradition of greeting the university with torches was temporarily reinstated.
In contemporary times, only one event in the university’s annual cycle continues to be marked by a torchlight procession—the anniversary of the national university on December 1. While a Walpurgis Night procession still takes place, it is conducted without torches. Although both traditions were revived in the late 1980s following the interwar model, modern celebrations have also incorporated the carnival spirit characteristic of Soviet-era processions.
Over three centuries, torchlight processions have served to elevate a wide range of celebrations. It can ultimately be concluded that the former Baltic German student tradition remains a vibrant part of the university’s heritage today.